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Gagal Ginjal Kronis

PENGERTIAN

Merupakan penyakit ginjal tahap akhir.
Progresif dan irreversible dimana kemampuan tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme dan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit sehingga terjadi uremia.

ETIOLOGI

Diabetus mellitus
Glumerulonefritis kronis
Pielonefritis
Hipertensi tak terkontrol
Obstruksi saluran kemih
Penyakit ginjal polikistik
Gangguan vaskuler
Lesi herediter
Agen toksik (timah, kadmium, dan merkuri)

MANIFESTASI KLINIK

Kardiovaskuler
- Hipertensi
- Pitting edema
- Edema periorbital
- Pembesaran vena leher
- Friction rub perikardial
Pulmoner
- KrekelS
- Nafas dangkal
- Kusmaul
- Sputum kental dan liat
Gastrointestinal
- Anoreksia, mual dan muntah
- Perdarahan saluran GI
- Ulserasi dan perdarahan pada mulut
- Konstipasi / diare
- Nafas berbau amonia
Muskuloskeletal
- Kram otot
- Kehilangan kekuatan otot
- Fraktur tulang
- Foot drop
Integumen
- Warna kulit abu-abu mengkilat
- Kulit kering, bersisik
- Pruritus
- Ekimosis
- Kuku tipis dan rapuh
- Rambut tipis dan kasar
Reproduksi
- Amenore
- Atrofi testis
(SmeltzerC, Suzanne, 2002 hal 1450)

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